碱蓬籽油脂的超临界CO_2提取工艺优化

碱蓬籽中油脂含量丰富,尤以不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯-亚油酸酯居多,使用超临界CO2提取碱蓬籽油,确定最佳的提取条件。以亚油酸酯得率为指标,考察了提取温度、提取压力、提取时间、夹带剂流量对实验的影响,在单因素的基础上,采用响应面法对工艺进行优化,得到的最佳提取条件为:提取温度46℃,提取压力23.5MPa,提取时间137min,夹带剂流量0.04m L·min-1,在此条件下亚油酸酯得率为15.29%。优化的提取工艺可行,对工业化生产有一定的指导意义。     

An evaluation of commercial nickel catalysts during hydrogenation of soybean oil

The activities of several commercial nickel catalysts were determined by measuring their activation energies. Among these catalysts, G95E, Resan 22, Nysosel 222 and 325, all with low activation energy, were more active than DM3 and G95H, which had higher activation energy. However, the less active catalysts increased the linoleate selectivity of soybean oil during hydrogenation. The yields of bothtrans isomers and winterized oil were higher for the more selectively hydrogenated oil catalyzed by the less active catalysts. In the sensory evaluation, the fractionated solid fat that contained moretrans isomers was lower in flavor scores than the fractionated liquid oil after hydrogenation and winterization of soybean oil.     

Antioxidant efficacy of amino acids in methyl linoleate at different relative humidities

Antioxidant efficacy of the amino acids methionine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, serine, alanine and arginine in methyl linoleate were compared to a methyl linoleate control at 2,50 or 79% relative humidity (RH) at 37°C. Antioxidant efficacy varied with RH and the individual amino acids. Arginine had the highest antioxidant efficacy at all RH values compared to the control. The efficacy of alanine was equal to that of arginine at RHs of 50 and 79% but was lower at 2% RH. The presence of aliphatic, alkaline amino, hydroxyl or thiol groups in the side chain of the amino acids increased the antioxidant efficacy at high RHs.     

Effect of processing on the antioxidant activity of millet grains

Millets are generally dehulled and subjected to a hydrothermal treatment before consumption, thus the hulls can be used as a potential source of antioxidants. Several millet grains, namely kodo, finger (Ravi), finger (local), proso, foxtail, little and pearl millet were studied. Antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts obtained from whole grains, as well as their corresponding dehulled and cooked grains and hulls were studied for their total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging capacity, and antioxidant activity in a β-carotene/linoleate emulsion. The phenolics present in whole grains were identified and quantified using HPLC and HPLC/MS and results were expressed as total for each of the phenolic groups. The TPC ranged from 2 to 112 μmol ferulic acid equivalents/g defatted meal. All varieties exhibited effective inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, peroxyl and superoxide radicals. Dehulling and cooking affected the TPC and radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of the grains, depending on the variety. In general, the antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts was in the order of hull > whole grain > dehulled grain > cooked dehulled grain With the exception of the two finger millet varieties, hulls of other millet grains had high TPC, thus demonstrating their superior antioxidant activity. Hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids in whole grains were identified as contributors to the observed effects. Therefore, dehulling of grain and hydrothermal treatments affect the phenolic content and antioxidant potential of millet grains.     

Characterization of expression of a plant oleate desaturase in yeast

We have expressed the oleate desaturase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of a galactose-inducible promoter. Transfer of yeast cells to galactose-containing media and growth at 30°C resulted in the production of active oleate desaturase, as shown by the appearance of the diunsaturated octadecadienoic acid (18:2) and hexadecadienoic acid (16:2). The highest level of these two fatty acids was 46.2%. In induced cultures, 18:2 appeared before 16:2, and we show that both of these fatty acids were present first on phosphatidylcholine and then appeared in other phospholipids and a neutral lipid fraction. We raised antibodies against the C-terminal 100 amino acids of oleate desaturase and demonstrated that this protein was in the microsomal fraction of induced cells.     

Chinese Yam Extracts Containing β‐Sitosterol and Ethyl Linoleate Protect against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E‐Deficient Mice and Inhibit Muscular Expression of VCAM‐1 In Vitro

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall. This study evaluated whether hexane extracts from the edible part (DB‐H1) or bark region (DB‐H2) of Dioscorea. batatas Decne have anti‐atherosclerotic properties in vivo and in vitro experiments. We also identified bioactive components in the hexane extracts. Thirty‐six apolipoprotein E (ApoE^?/?) mice and 12 control (C57BL/6J) mice were given a Western‐type diet for 11 or 21 wk. To examine the effects of yam extracts on lesion development, ApoE^?/? mice were orally administered DB‐H1 or DB‐H2 for the duration of the study (200 mg/kg b.w./day, 3 times per wk). Both DB‐H1 and DB‐H2 significantly reduced the total atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root. In addition, plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, oxidized‐low‐density lipoprotein, and c‐reactive protein were decreased by administration of DB‐H1 and DB‐H2. Consistent with the in vivo observations, DB‐H1 and DB‐H2 inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α–induced vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 expression and adhesion of THP‐1 monocytes to TNF‐α–activated vascular smooth muscle cells. It was also found that treatment with DB‐H1 or DB‐H2 resulted in the inhibition nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species production and iNOS expression in macrophages. Thus, DB‐H1 and DB‐H2 seem to influence atherosclerosis by affecting the production of inflammatory mediators in vivo. Our results suggest that yam extracts have the potential to be used in the prevention of atherosclerosis.     

亚油酸异构酶研究进展

亚油酸异构酶可催化亚油酸异构化为共轭亚油酸.随着共轭亚油酸的应用日益广泛,人们对亚油酸异构酶的研究也日益深入.在查阅大量文献的基础上,对亚油酸异构酶国内外的研究情况进行了综述.     

保加利亚乳杆菌中的亚油酸异构酶的研究

对保加利亚乳杆菌中的亚油酸异构酶的提取和性质进行了研究.利用超声波对乳酸杆菌细胞进行破碎,以提取细胞中的亚油酸异构酶,并就超声波破碎条件对亚油酸异构酶释放的影响进行了研究.通过单因素试验和正交试验得出保加利亚乳杆菌的最佳超声破碎条件为：间歇破碎次数80次（每次破碎3s,中间间隔4s）,破碎菌液体积60mL,菌悬液浓度15g/50mL,破碎时的抽提缓冲液最佳pH值4.8,NaCl浓度0.3mol/L.保加利亚乳杆菌亚油酸异构酶的粗酶液经硫酸铵盐析、超滤、凝胶过滤层析等步骤进行分离纯化后,酶的纯化倍数为23.00.经SDS-PAGE后只显示一条谱带,分子量约为33000D.对保加利亚乳杆菌亚油酸异构酶的部分酶学性质也进行了研究,结果表明：能专一性地将亚油酸转化为共轭亚油酸,转化产物中活性异构体的比例达到93.626%.     

尿素包合法从葡萄籽油中富集高纯度亚油酸甲酯及包合物表征分析

为提升葡萄籽的使用价值,以葡萄籽油为原料,采用尿素包合法富集高纯度亚油酸甲酯。研究了脂肪酸甲酯与尿素质量比、尿素与95%乙醇质量比、包合时间和包合温度对包合效果的影响,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对空白尿素结晶物和包合固形物进行表征。结果表明：制备高纯度亚油酸甲酯的最佳工艺条件为脂肪酸甲酯与尿素质量比1∶2、尿素与95%乙醇质量比1∶4、包合温度5℃、包合时间10 h,在此条件下得到的亚油酸甲酯含量为94.83%,收率为40.41%;FTIR和XRD分析表明,尿素包合反应没有新的官能团生成,且脂肪酸甲酯的包合降低了尿素的结晶度;SEM图像显示,尿素与脂肪酸甲酯形成了六棱体包合物。综上,尿素包合法为富集葡萄籽油中的高纯度亚油酸甲酯的有效方法。     

Moderate antioxidative efficiencies of flavonoids during peroxidation of methyl linoleate in homogeneous and micellar solutions

The relative reactivities as well as the stoichiometric coefficients for a number of flavonoids, catechols, and—for comparison—standard phenolic antioxidants were determined by analyzing the kinetics of oxygen consumption in organic and micellar systems, with peroxidation initiated by lipid- and water-soluble azo initiators. The results demonstrated that the flavonoids did not behave as classic phenolic antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, but showed only moderate chain-breaking activities. The results were in line with other structure-activity relationship studies on the importance of the B-ring catechol structure, the 2,3-double bond, and the 3,5-hydroxy groups. The data are discussed in view of possible explanations of the deviations flavonoids reveal in their behavior compared with regular phenolic antioxidants.